How do nociceptive sensory neurons detect tissue damage

Discuss the physiological mechanisms underlying the perception of pain and the roles of nociceptors, neurotransmitters, and pain-modulating pathways in nociception and pain modulation. How do nociceptive sensory neurons detect tissue damage, temperature extremes, or chemical irritants and transmit pain signals to the spinal cord and brain? Additionally, how do neurotransmitters like glutamate, substance P, and endogenous opioids modulate pain transmission and perception in the spinal cord, brainstem, and supraspinal structures? Furthermore, how do descending pain modulation pathways, cognitive factors, and emotional processing influence the experience of pain and individual differences in pain sensitivity and pain coping strategies?