How do taste receptor cells on the tongue detect sweet

Could you elaborate on the physiological mechanisms underlying the sensation of taste and the roles of taste receptors, taste buds, and gustatory pathways in the perception of different taste qualities? How do taste receptor cells on the tongue detect sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami stimuli and transduce them into electrical signals that are relayed to the brain via cranial nerves? Additionally, how do taste buds in papillae respond to chemical stimuli and release neurotransmitters to activate gustatory neurons in the brainstem and thalamus, ultimately leading to the perception of taste in the gustatory cortex? Furthermore, how do factors such as age, genetics, and sensory processing influence individual differences in taste perception and preferences?