Autocratization and de-democratization

Democratic backsliding is also used to refer to autocratization and de-democratization. Autocratization is used as an overarching concept to describe de-democratization or changes that decrease the democratic character of political regimes.   A basic component of this democratic decline and autocratization is the state-led weakening of political institutions.  The most vulnerable of these institutions are the democratic rules of elections. Luhrmann and Lindberg (2019) articulate their particular understanding of autocratization as the “de facto substantial decline of core institutional requirements for electoral democracy.”

Which countries are experiencing autocratization? What are the causes? What are the indicators? What are the consequences?