Immigration as a proxy for Otherness continues to have cultural and political relevance in debate public in the United States. describe the contours of unconscious racism in contemporary American immigration policy and how it functions as a form of Othering.  Your response must include at least the following readings:  David, Roediger, “New Immigrants, Race, and ‘Ethnicity’ in the Early Twentieth Century;” Ian Haney Lopez, “The Legal Construction of Race;” Patricia Hill Collins, “Like One of the Family:  Race, Ethnicity, and the Paradox of American National Identity;” Wayne Cornelius, “Ambivalent Reception:  Mass Public Responses to the ‘New’ Latino Immigration to the United States;” and Stephen Caliendo, “Crime and Employment.”

According to the realist perspective, how does anarchy in the international system lead to war? Shortly describe and explain what the principle of decentralized distribution of power is. What is the self-help system? Describe the single dominant power system (one-polar/Hegemonic), the bipolar, the three polar, and the multi-polar international systems.

2- Shortly describe and explain the security dilemma.  Explain why the probability of war increases as a result of the alliances against the dominant power in hegemonic (single-polar) international systems? Why in periods of power transition from the dominant country toward the others (one or more countries) the probability of war increases?

3- Use your critical thinking skills, details, example/s, and/or alternative example/s – to express agreement or disagreement with the Realist Perspective’s policy solution to war that is – Balance of Power? Can human societies avoid war in your personal view?

Abraham Lincoln once said, “That every man may receive at least, a moderate education, and thereby be enabled to read the histories of his own and other countries, by which he may duly appreciate the value of our free institutions, appears to be an object of vital importance, even on this account alone, to say nothing of the advantages and satisfaction to be derived from all being able to read the scriptures and other works, both of a religious and moral nature, for themselves.”

Note that Lincoln’s statement describes schools that enable students to read history, the Bible, and other books of morality and wisdom. Does a public school have an obligation to not only teach students how to read but also what to read?

In a secular and pluralistic society, is it realistic to expect public schools to provide “religious and moral” education? Should they limit their instruction to “readin’, writin’, and cipherin’,” also quoting Lincoln?

Many parents today have turned to homeschool or private/Christian schools as an alternative to public education. What are their primary motivations for doing so?

History is a meticulous, comprehensive, and scientific inquiry and reconstruction of past events. Are homeschool and Christian school curricula providing a full account of American history? If not, why not?

How has the pandemic changed public education, positively or negatively?

Defend your conclusions with scholarly sources.

Electoral College and the winner-take-all system at the state level that gives all of a state’s Electoral College vote to whichever presidential candidates wins the most voters in a state. This system can lead to results like 2000 and 2016 when the candidate who received the most popular votes (Al Gore and Hillary Clinton, respectively) lost the presidency to the candidate who received more Electoral College votes (George W Bush and Donald Trump, respectively).

Is this system a good way or a bad way to select a president? Why? Should the Electoral College remain the same, or be reformed? Explain your opinion.

describe the current state of democratic inclusion for women and people of color? Where has progress been made, and where is progress still necessary? How do you explain the uneven and incomplete nature of inclusion? Or would you argue that inclusion is complete? Your answer should consider such facets of democratic inclusion as political participation, representation, and influence over political and policy outcomes. 2.

Discuss the role of elections in a representative democracy, including work on elections and accountability, political knowledge and interest among the mass public, the effects of campaigns, etc. Be certain to incorporate empirical studies as well as work on democratic theory. 3. How do citizens formulate their orientations toward public policies and political issues? In other words, do people respond to political controversies on the basis of self-interest, rational benefit/cost calculations, emotional reactions, long-term predispositions, or what?

And, what is the “quality” of the resultant issue attitudes? That is, are mass preferences well-formed, consistent, reasoned judgments? Or, are they shallow, disorganized, and fragmentary reactions to superficial messages from the “political world?” Your essay should be constructed around prominent concepts in the field of public opinion; however, it would also be useful if you can illustrate your general arguments with evidence pertaining to mass attitudes on specific political issues. 4. In a political system purported to be (highly) democratic — such as the United States — public opinion should presumably matter a great deal in the policy decisions of government. Is this actually the case?

Address this question by summarizing and assessing some of what you deem the most relevant and important research literature on public opinion and policy responsiveness in U.S. national and/or state politics. To the extent there is responsiveness, explain how and why this occurs, as argued in major scholarly analyses. To the extent it is not the case, how and why is that so? That is, to the extent the U.S. political system does, or does not, achieve “full” or authentic democracy as indicated by the importance of public opinion on political outcomes, explain that by carefully drawing on and analyzing research that speaks to these questions.

Political Parties Sub-field Answer one of the following questions, indicating clearly which one you have chosen. 1. Scholars continue to debate whether American political parties are in a period of decline or resurgence, and the extent to which strong parties help make our political system more democratic. Review the arguments for party decline and party resurgence, focusing on how this literature evaluates the roles that parties play in facilitating the representational relationship between citizens and their government. Are American parties declining or resurgent? Then assess the consequences for American politics of strong or weak parties.

Are stronger parties better for American democracy? Why or why not? 2. Political parties are relevant to understanding the nature and extent of democracy and representation in U.S. (national) politics as well as in the American states. Critically assess — i.e., systematically compare and contrast — the research literature on parties at the national and state levels. Identify how the questions addressed, the major findings, and the implications thereof are similar and/or different when we consider national and state party systems.

In your estimation, what does this mean for the role and importance of parties and for democracy in the larger political system? Explain carefully. 3. The political representation and incorporation of traditionally excluded groups in American politics (what has been termed “democratic inclusion”) has been a recurrent challenge and concern throughout American history. Drawing from the literature on American politics, how would you describe the current state of democratic inclusion for women and people of color?

Where has progress been made, and where is progress still necessary? How do you explain the uneven and incomplete nature of inclusion? Or would you argue that inclusion is complete? Your answer should consider such facets of democratic inclusion as political participation, representation, and influence over political and policy outcomes. 4.

Discuss the role of elections in a representative democracy, including work on elections and accountability, political knowledge and interest among the mass public, the effects of campaigns, etc. Be certain to incorporate empirical studies as well as work on democratic theory. 5. How do citizens formulate their orientations toward public policies and political issues?

In other words, do people respond to political controversies on the basis of self-interest, rational benefit/cost calculations, emotional reactions, long-term predispositions, or what? And, what is the “quality” of the resultant issue attitudes? That is, are mass preferences well-formed, consistent, reasoned judgments?

Or, are they shallow, disorganized, and fragmentary reactions to superficial messages from the “political world?” Your essay should be constructed around prominent concepts in the field of public opinion; however, it would also be useful if you can illustrate your general arguments with evidence pertaining to mass attitudes on specific political issues.