The prevalence of co-occurring disorders

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The purpose of this part of the assignment is to identify the prevalence of co-occurring disorders. Answer the following questions regarding prevalence of COD (co-occurring disorders).

What is an example of a co-occurring disorder?
Co-occurring disorders can include anxiety disorders, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, personality disorders, and schizophrenia, among others.
What is the co occurrence of two or more psychological disorders?
Co-occurring disorders may include any combination of two or more substance use disorders and mental disorders identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). They are also referred to as having a dual diagnosis.
  1. What is at least one statistical piece of information that you do not find surprising? Explain why.
  2. Conversely, what is at least one statistical piece of information that was interesting or surprising? Explain why. Include references.

Describe the development of emotional competence

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Please describe the development of emotional competence from infancy through adolescence and discuss the role of attachment.

What is emotional development explain the emotional development during infancy?
Emotional development involves learning what feelings and emotions are, understanding how and why they occur, recognising your own feelings and those of others, and developing effective ways for managing those feelings.

How can you enhance your own EI or what tips would you give to a client thatneeds to enhance theirs?

What emotional development occurs from infancy through childhood including attachment and the development of a self concept?
Psychosocial development occurs as children form relationships, interact with others, and understand and manage their feelings. In social and emotional development, forming healthy attachments is very important and is the major social milestone of infancy. Attachment is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

The domain of personality assessment

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In the domain of personality assessment, walk through the steps of how you would construct a measure based on content validity. Next, walk through the steps of explaining how to construct a measure based on empirical criterion keying.

How do you measure validity and reliability?
How are reliability and validity assessed? Reliability can be estimated by comparing different versions of the same measurement. Validity is harder to assess, but it can be estimated by comparing the results to other relevant data or theory.

Explain the physical and psychological effects of job stress

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Explain the physical and psychological effects of job stress. Give three examples of each

A stressful work environment can contribute to problems such as headache, stomachache, sleep disturbances, short temper, and difficulty concentrating. Chronic stress can result in anxiety, insomnia, high blood pressure, and a weakened immune system.

What are the physical and psychological effects of job stress?
Workplace stress also has adverse effects on workers’ mental health, with an increased risk of anxiety, burnout, depression, and substance use disorders. Workers who are stressed at work are more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, and poor dietary patterns.
What are the psychological effects of stress?
Stress has a psychological impact that can manifest as irritability or aggression, a feeling of loss of control, insomnia, fatigue or exhaustion, sadness or tears, concentration or memory problems, or more. Continued stress can lead to other problems, such as depression, anxiety or burnout.

Describe the difference between hypochondriasis and conversion disorder

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Describe the difference between hypochondriasis and conversion disorder. Hypochondriasis is described as an anxious, internalizing disturbance whereas somatization disorder is a dramatic, externalizing disorder. As we have seen, there is evidence from clinical observation and case series of differences in sex ratio and clinical manifestations, especially illness behavior.

According to DSM-IV, somatization disorder has a specified number and type of somatic symptoms, where- as hypochondriasis is characterized by abnormal atti- tudes and beliefs about illness [16] . The criteria for hypo- chondriasis mention bodily symptoms but do not indi- cate what these might be.
What is the difference between conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorder?
While people with conversion disorder frequently experience depression or anxiety, excessive worrying and distress about the physical symptoms aren’t part of the diagnosis for conversion disorder. In contrast, excessive concern about physical symptoms is the main part of the diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder.

The existence of gendered behavior

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Discuss how gender schema theory attempts to explain the existence of gendered behavior

How does a gender schema influence our ideas about gender?
Gender schemas are based on children’s interactions and observations of others, their environment, and the culture. These gender schemas are used to organize and direct the child’s behavior based on his or her society’s gender norms and expectations related to the child’s gender
What is the main idea behind gender schema theory?
Developed by Sandra Bem (1981, 1983), gender schema theory explains the development and consequences of sex typing or how children acquire sex-defined characteristics (i.e., preferences, skills, personality traits, behaviors, and self-concepts) that are aligned with gender.
How does schema affect behavior?
Schemas can influence what you pay attention to, how you interpret situations, or how you make sense of ambiguous situations. Once you have a schema, you unconsciously pay attention to information that confirms it and ignore or minimize information that contradicts it.

Cultural self-affirmation

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Describe the Afrocentric theory of black personality developed by Dr.Kobi Kambon

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Describe the Africentric theory of Black Personality developed by Dr. Kobi Kambon. Develop an Africentric calendar based on months of cultural
and historical dates/events/rituals/name days. Three or more cultural-based events/dates for each month.
Who developed the African self consciousness scale?
Baldwin (also known as Kobi Kambon) and Bell (1985) developed the 42-item African Self- Consciousness Scale (ASCS) to test their hypothesis that African Self-Consciousness is positively associated with African Americans’ psychological functioning, because of its focus on cultural self-affirmation.
What is Afrocentric psychology focus?
Afrocentric psychologists develop paradigms, practices, and methodologies in accordance with the values of the African worldview to address the well-being of African people and eradicate social, economic, and political injustice.

The causes of psychological distress

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Should abnormal psychology continue its focus on identifying the causes of psychological distress, classifying different symptoms and seeking effective treatment to reduce these symptoms, or should the field focus on improving knowledge of what goes right in happy people and trying to improve these techniques in the general population?

If you were to start a society from scratch and wanted to improve the lives of its members, would you focus on identifying what goes right in people or on identifying the abnormal?

How would approaches to treatment and intervention differ if society were to focus on positive psychology instead of abnormal psychology? Defend your position by replying to at least two of your peers.

Why is classification a necessary first step in developing an understanding of abnormal behavior?
Classification helps researchers identify populations with similar patterns of abnormal behaviour. By classifying groups of people with a particular mental disorder, researchers might be able to identify common factors that help explain the origins of that mental disorder.
Why is classification important in abnormal psychology?

Mental Health Services Administration

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The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) emphasizes the advantages of an integrated treatment approach for co-occurring disorders. Using the resources for this unit address the following:

What is the correlation between substance use and mental health?
Substance use and addiction can contribute to the development of mental illness. Substance use can lead to changes in some of the same brain areas that are disrupted in other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, anxiety, mood, or impulse-control disorders.
  • Discuss the advantages of integrating treatment compared to treating each disorder separately.
  • What are some of the barriers to implementing an integrated approach and how can they be addressed?
  • What is the most widely used assessment tool for addiction?
    The National Institute on Drug Abuse suggests NIDA as a screening tool for adults to determine if they may be at risk for substance abuse. For adolescents, addiction professionals can utilize the CRAFFT 2.0 screening tool.

Traditional education methods

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What factors have an impact on socioeconomic status?(JG)

think being culturally responsive is important?(AM)

what can we do as educators to help students with language differences?(RW

What factors need to be considered when developing culturally responsive interventions?
When developing and/or providing services for diverse populations, organizations should consider a number of factors that may influence their approach, such as acculturation, ethnic identity, religious identity, generational status, language barriers, recency of immigration, country of origin, political climate, …
Why is being culturally responsive important?
Culturally responsive teaching promotes the success of all students equally—something that traditional education methods often fall short on. When students’ cultural backgrounds aren’t thoughtfully considered, classrooms suffer from issues like language barriers, systemic discrimination, and lack of representation.

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