Endocrine:
Compare and contrast the structure, transport, targets, and mechanism of action of protein vs steroid hormones.
Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the synthesis, storage, and release of neurohormones from the posterior pituitary.
Heart:
Describe the microscopic anatomy of contractile myocardium, including the arrangement of contractile fibers and the location, structure, and function of the intercalated discs and gap junctions.
Here is a thought exercise: Shingles are caused by the same virus as chickenpox. Apparently, it “hides” in the nervous system and re-emerges later in a person’s life, most commonly in elderly people. It is the same virus as chickenpox so why doesn’t the body attack it and remove the virus immediately? (Think about the longevity of memory cells.) Now that there is a vaccine for chickenpox, why do you think people who had chickenpox as children are starting to get shingles earlier before their immune systems have started to deteriorate?
Diabetes occurs in several forms. Although diabetes can be caused by physical damage to the kidneys, most forms are the result of endocrine abnormalities. Mark and Sarah are close friends who attend the same college. They both complained of extreme thirst and frequent urination. Mark’s doctor confirmed that he had developed a form of diabetes that was a result of the neurohypophysis failure to release adequate amounts of a particular hormone. Sarah, however, after going to her physician found out that she was hyperglycemic and glucose was present in her urine (glycosuria).
State the type of diabetes that i. Mark and ii. Sarah has hormones that are involved in their respective conditions.
Upon completion of Human Anatomy and Physiology for Allied Health, students will; 1. Be able to exhibit the ability to use the core content of the Anatomy and Physiology curriculum, which covers all systems of the body. 2. Apply physiological and anatomical principles to the diseased state. 3. Demonstrate transfer of information from diagrams, models and non-human models to the human organism.
1) SMELL: Describe the structural layout of the receptor area for stimulating the sense of smell. Explain the physiological process of how an impulse is created that will be sent to the olfactory cortex to interpret the sense of smell.
2)TASTE: Describe the structural layout of the receptor area for stimulating the sense of taste. Explain the physiological process of how an impulse is created that will be sent to the gustatory cortex to interpret the sense of taste.
Why are blood tests used to diagnose endocrine disorders? Why is it so important to consider age and sex when diagnosing an endocrine disorder? Case Study 1: A 37-year-old woman goes to her doctor and complains of anxiety, muscle weakness, and depression. Which of the disorders listed on the table above could explain her symptoms? What other symptoms might you look for or what other tests might you run to distinguish between these disorders? Case Study 2: A 34-year-old man complains he is tired a lot and he has lost a substantial amount of weight over the past few months. A routine blood test shows low sodium levels, but his blood glucose levels are normal. What test would you order next? Why? What results could help you make a diagnosis? Case Study 3: Your patient is a 28-year-old woman who has complained of menstrual irregularities and infertility despite actively trying to get pregnant for 14 months. She also mentioned that she has to wax her face a lot due to hair growth. How would you diagnose this patient? Which lab result may explain the hair growth? What does this patient have to be careful of developing in the future? Case Study 4: A seemingly healthy 42-year-old-man comes into the ED with a broken arm. The doctor set the bone with no issue but is concerned that the patient’s bones are unusually weak. The man follows up with an endocrinologist and during that appointment, he reports fatigue and nausea. What disorder could this patient have? How could you confirm the diagnosis?|
Endocrine disorders can often be difficult to diagnose because many can present very similar symptoms. Diagnosis often requires a combination of lab work and a patient’s history. In Table 2, you will see several different endocrine disorders with common physical symptoms and lab results.
Use this information to answer the questions below. Table 2: Endocrine Disorders Disorders Symptoms Lab Test Results Enlarged hands and feet, excessive sweating, Acromegaly fatigue, muscle weakness, pain, limited joint Elevated levels of insulin, like growth factor I mobility Addison’s Disease Fatigue, the increased pigment in the skin, weight Low sodium, high potassium, high ACTH, low loss, muscle weakness cortisol in the blood Backache, anxiety, muscle weakness, extra fat Cushing’s Syndrome deposits on the back of the neck and upper High levels of cortisol in the blood back (aka " buffalo hump"), females may experience irregular menstrual cycle Diabetes Insipidus
Normal blood glucose level, no glucose in the Frequent urination, excessive thirst urine, low ADH level in the blood Hyperparathyroidism Excessive thirst, weak or broken bones, High calcium and parathyroid hormone levels fatigue, nausea in the blood Elevated body temp, extreme sweating, Hyperthyroidism nervousness, rapid heart rate, weight loss, High thyroxine and low TSH in the blood irregular menstrual cycle in females Hypothyroidism Fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, weight gain, low body temperature, intolerant of cold Low thyroxine and high TSH in the blood Acne, unwanted hair growth, weight gain, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) fatigue, infertility, mood changes, sleep Elevated levels of testosterone and LH, low levels of FSH in blood problems Type I Diabetes Mellitus Frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight Glucose in urine, elevated blood glucose, islet loss cell antibody in the blood Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Frequent urination, excessive thirst Glucose in urine, elevated blood glucose, no islet cell antibody in the blood Question: 1. What is the most frequent physical symptom of the disorders described above?
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Which organs in the abdominal cavity are not part of the digestive system? Identify the body system each of these organs belongs to and briefly describe the function of each organ. 2. describe the path of air from the mouth to the alveoli. 3 explain how the circulatory system and respiratory system are physically connected. What process happens here and how does it happen?
Mastoiditis is an inflammation or infection in the mastoid sinus located in the temporal bone. What would the inflammation in this sinus most commonly result in?
| a. | Deafness
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| b. | Visual impairment
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| c. | Speech impediment
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| d. | Impaired sense of smell and taste
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Directions: Smoking cessation continues to be a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiorespiratory and total body wellness. Many options, such as e-cigarettes and vaping, have come to the forefront as cessation alternatives, but studies on safety are lacking. As a healthcare provider, you are likely to encounter questions on strategies for smoking cessation and alternatives. Initial Post View Smoking cessation: The role of healthcare professionals and health systems. After consulting your assigned textbook reading for this module and the article cited here, answer each of the following questions: 1. What is the role of healthcare providers and healthcare systems in smoking cessation? 2. Are e-cigarettes and vaping safer than traditional cigarette smoking? Explain. 3. What is one physiological reason that smoking increases cardiorespiratory or other health risks? Be sure to support your positions with APA formatted in-text citations and references from the assigned resource. You may also use other scholarly resources to support your opinions.
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