Nonreactive research methods are a way of collecting data in such a way that the person/persons being studied do not know they are being studied. There are three major types of nonreactive methodss ( field research, secondary analysis, and content analysis). Using these research methods, subjects can be studied through the following: homicide rates, physical trace analysis, artifacts statistics from existing criminology, use of existing records and simple and disguised observation (Kraska & Neuman, 2011). The logic and thinking are that by collecting existing information or covertly observing an event avoids the problem of data being corrupted by reactive research effects. This thinking is similar to The Hawthorne Effect that was discussed in chapter 7. The Hawthorne Effect describes how a research participant can change their behavior because of their role as a research participant. If an unnatural change in behavior occurs, researchers are no longer measuring a natural reaction to what is being studied. Researchers therefore cannot contend that it was the study components alone that influenced the behavior of the study participants.

What are conflict theories of crime? How did they evolve from Karl Marx? What aspects of conflict theory specifically allow those who are wealthy to maintain their wealth? What aspects of conflict theory specifically target those who are not wealthy and  contribute to the phrase “the poor get prison”?

Discuss the features that are offered by GIS systems such as ArcGIS, Hunchlab, and Maptitude that are used by police in crime mapping. What are the pros and cons, and analyze which vendors could be the most useful to a crime analyst for producing crime analysis products for their clients.

Describe and discuss the rehabilitative programs for female and male offenders. Describe and discuss female versus male offenders’ recidivism.

What is the doctrine of sovereign immunity? To what extent are today’s correctional officers shielded from civil lawsuits brought by inmates?