When considering environmental economics, one of the root causes of the world’s pollution problems is the failure to include external environmental impact costs in the price of goods and services. Explain

Examine the Hawaiian Islands Chain on the map of the World’s Oceans. As you follow the Island Chain northwestward you can see a series of drowned seamounts called the Emperor Seamounts. Assuming that all these islands and seamounts formed from the same hot spot, describe the map direction of the movement of the Pacific Plate during the construction of the volcanic islands that now comprise the Emperor Seamounts. How has that direction of movement changed?

What role does the doctrine of precedent play in our legal system? In applying this doctrine, do judges merely ‘find and apply the law, or do they ‘make’ the law? Give examples in your answer.

Question 2 (5 marks)

Briefly explain the literal approach and the purposive approach to statutory interpretation.

Question 3 (10 marks)

You are a single judge of the Supreme Court of NSW called upon to decide the interpretation of a section of Commonwealth legislation. The previous decisions on the question are below. Consider each in turn and give reasons for which is binding or most highly persuasive.

Mulder v Weezes (1980) – NSWSC;

Andrews v Watson (2014) – VSC Court of Appeal – Followed Mulder v Weezes but not the reasoning in that case;

Williamson v Michaels (2010) – Qld SC. Followed Mulder v Weezes though “reluctantly”;

Cooper v Hodson (2000) – High Court. Followed Mulder v Weezes based on the facts of the appellant case, though in obiter approved the reasoning in Kennedy v Bryant;

Kennedy v Bryant (1985) – Full Court of the Federal Court. Declined to follow Mulder v Weezes, holding it to be “plainly wrong”;

Which decision would you ultimately follow and why? Would it be helpful to have any further information? If so what and why?

Question 4 (5 marks)

Explain the concept of terra nullius and explain why it was held to be a “legal fiction” in the landmark case of Mabo No. 2.

Question 5 (10 marks)

You are a single judge of the Supreme Court of NSW considering a matter of common law. The previous decisions on the question are below. Consider each in turn and give reasons for which is binding or most highly persuasive.

Heather v Forrest (1930) – Court of Appeal England

Littles v Downer (2020) – Victorian Court of Appeal. Followed Baboa v Erics, stating it correctly stated the law.

Symonds v Lennard (1991) – House of Lords

Roberts v Ashton (1980) – Victorian Court of Appeal

Matthews v Coopers (2022) – High Court of Australia which held that the reasoning in Symonds v Lennard was correct, but distinguished that case on its facts and followed Baboa v Erics.

Baboa v Erics (2019) – Supreme Court of Canada

Which decision would you ultimately follow and why? Would it be helpful to have any further information? If so what and why?

A visionary framework of Political Marketing supplies the thesis statement (a declarative sentence encapsulating the main idea) and a brief outline indicating what you’ll be examining. ( from 2008 campaign Obama/Biden to 2020 campaign Biden/Harris). choose one  Include the summary, outline of crucial data, analysis, recommendations, and conclusion.