Complex gene regulation

 Epigenetics and complex gene regulation have fundamentally altered the way we deal with bioinformatics and biotechnology.  Give specific examples from this course that disprove the following old beliefs, focusing on epigenetic rather than genetic events:

(a) phenotype is controlled by genotype (i.e. DNA sequence)

(b) cancer cell lines are useful models for studying normal gene regulation

(c) the 99% of our DNA that is never translated to protein is “garbage”