What is the primary physiological difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

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What is the primary physiological difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Is type 2 diabetes known to have a hereditary component? Does everyone with the genes to inherit that type of diabetes actually develop it?

In the European study, why were the blood levels of Vitamin C and carotenoids measured instead of just asking people to report their daily diets?

Who was in the experimental group in the European study? In the control group?

What was the European study adjusted for? Why was this necessary in order to get valid results?