Describe how Bolles’ Perceptual- Defensive-Recuperative (PDR) model was different from the standard operant conditioning theory of the time that relied on reinforcement only. Does the PDR model use reinforcement to explain how an animal acts in an aversive situation? According to the model, what does determine how an animal acts in a threatening situation?

What are the similarities and differences between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence. In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives,5 while classical conditioning involves no such enticements.