Tariff and non-tariff barriers in the international environment

What are the main tariff and non-tariff barriers in the international environment? Using examples, explain how these barriers can be overcome?

Answer-guide: Students need to have a general understanding of the trading environment and discuss this in terms of tariff and nontariff barriers.  This can be related to specific trading blocks where harmonization and customization of trade barriers are needed.  Indeed, the average tariff barrier in terms of direct taxes and charges imposed on imports is approximately five percent in the EU trading block – whereas, the Bahamas has a minimum import tax of thirty percent. This can also be discussed in the context of the use of tariffs as a form of protectionism. Especially, within developing/developed countries that need to protect certain industries. One way to avoid high tariffs is through foreign direct investment and joint ventures instead of exporting. Examples of companies who have chosen this method, especially in China, can be used.  Non-tariff barriers need to be discussed and examples are given.  An obvious non-tariff barrier is the complicated retail structures in countries such as Japan. In addition, this country adopts high import duties making it extremely difficult to invest or trade with this lucrative country.