History and contributions of The Modern Synthesis
Describe the history and contributions of the Modern Synthesis. Define populations, population genetics, and methods used to study them
Specify the forces of evolution: mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection
Explain how allele frequencies can be used to study evolution as it happens
Contrast micro- and macroevolution
Learning Objectives
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Origins of life
Phylogenies
Phylogenetic tree of life
Universal ancestor
Origin of Life
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Lamarckian inheritance
The Modern Synthesis
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Pangenesis
Weismann’s mouse-tail experiment
Gregor Mendel
Mutationists
Biometricians
The Modern Synthesis
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Continuous Range of Variation
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Mutations
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Fisher and Sanderson Haldane tested mathematical models for evolutionary change
Wright and Dobzhansky revealed the existence of chromosomes
Ford confirmed Fisher’s mathematical predictions
Polymorphisms: describe alternative phenotypes or multiple forms of a trait
Tying it all Together
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Populations
Species
Viable offspring
Fertile offspring
Subspecies
Sterile hybrids
Horse + Donkey = Mule
Population Genetics
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Populations smaller units: genes
Populations: gene pools
Gene variants: alleles
Inherited alleles: genotype
Observable traits of genotype: phenotype
Two of the same alleles: homozygous
Two different alleles: heterozygous
Population Genetics: Key Terms
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Evolution requires:
A population of breeding individuals
Some kind of a genetic change
Simple definition of evolution: change in the allele frequencies in a population over time
Allele frequencies
Genotype frequencies
Defining Evolution
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Mutations
deleterious, beneficial, spontaneous
Point mutations
Synonymous mutations
Non-synonymous mutations
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutations
Splice site mutation
Frameshift mutations
The Forces of Evolution: Mutations
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Random changes (“drift”) in allele frequencies
Example
Smooth and ruffled cells
The Forces of Evolution: Genetic Drift
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The Forces of Evolution: Population Bottlenecks
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Inbreeding
Lancaster County Amish population
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome
The Forces of Evolution: Founder Effects
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Gene flow in humans: admixture
Gene flow in non-human populations: hybridization
Harlequin ladybeetle
The Forces of Evolution: Gene Flow
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Peppered moth
Africanized honey bees
The Forces of Evolution: Natural Selection
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Directional selection
Balancing selection
Disruptive selection
The Forces of Evolution: Selection
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Peahen and peacock
Non-random mating (assortative mating)
Positive assortative mating
Negative assortative mating
The Forces of Evolution: Sexual selection
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Microevolution: changes in allele frequencies within breeding populations; single species
Macroevolution: changes that result in new species, similarities and differences between species and their phylogenetic relationships with other taxa
Speciation
Allopatric
Sympatric
Micro- to Macroevolution
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Micro- to Macroevolution
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Adaptive Radiation
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Attributions
| Slide # | Figure # | Attribution |
| 3 | 4.1 | Tree of life SVG by Ivica Letunic: Iletunic, retraced by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal: LadyofHats, has been designated to the public domain (CC0). This item has been modified (made grayscale, rotated, labels added). |
| 4 | 4.2 | Modern Synthesis original to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
| 5 | 4.3 | Weismann’s mouse-tail experiment original to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
| 6 | 4.4 | Weismann’s mouse-tail experiment original to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
| 7 | 4.5 | Castle’s Hooded Rat Experiment original to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
| 9 | 2.9 a, b x | Horse (pferd-tier-säugetier-reiten-153500) by openclipart-vectors-30363 has been designated to the public domain (CC0). Figure 2.9B Donkey by papapishu has been designated to the public domain (CC0). Figue x Mule (Simple black and white illustration of donkey) by public domain vectors has been designated to the public domain (CC0). |
| 15 | 13.15 4.12 | Bottleneck effect by Tsaneda is used under a CC BY 3.0 License. Figure 4.12 The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event original to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
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Attributions
| Slide # | Figure # | Attribution |
| 16 | 4.13 | 6 Finger by Wilhelmy is under a CC BY-SA 4.0 License. |
| 17 | 4.14 | Ladybug Gene Flow original to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
| 18 | 4.15 | Peppered moths c2 by Khaydock is under a CC BY-SA 3.0 License. |
| 19 | 4.16 | Biology (ID: 185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@9.17) by CNX OpenStax is used under a CC BY 4.0 License. |
| 20 | 4.18 | Peacock tail advantage and disadvantages soriginal to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
| 22 | 4.19 | Isolation Leading to Speciation original to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
| 23 | 4.20 | Darwin’s finches original to Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology by Mary Nelson is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License. |
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This presentation was developed by the editors of Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology.
Unless otherwise specified, all content is made available under a Creative Commons license: CC BY-NC
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