The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

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Examine the physiological and psychological mechanisms underlying the stress response, including the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic nervous system, and stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Discuss the short-term and long-term effects of stress on physical health, immune function, cognitive performance, and mental well-being. Evaluate stress management techniques and interventions for coping with stressors, enhancing resilience, and promoting adaptive coping strategies.