Discuss the physiological basis of the body’s response to exercise

Discuss the physiological basis of the body’s response to exercise and the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations to acute and chronic physical activity. How does exercise induce increases in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of working muscles and deliver oxygen-rich blood throughout the body? Additionally, how do respiratory adaptations such as increased ventilation, oxygen diffusion, and pulmonary gas exchange optimize oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal during exercise? Furthermore, how do regular exercise training and endurance activities promote cardiovascular and respiratory fitness, improve exercise tolerance, and confer health benefits such as reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and enhanced overall well-being?