Discuss the philosophy of mind-body dualism in the context of contemporary neuroscience and cognitive science. How do philosophers like René Descartes and Gilbert Ryle characterize the relationship between the mind and the body, and how does modern neuroscience challenge or support their views? What are the implications of different theories of mind-body interaction for understanding consciousness and mental phenomena?

Examine the ethical implications of emerging biotechnologies, such as genetic engineering and reproductive technologies. How should we evaluate the moral permissibility of interventions like gene editing, cloning, and selective breeding? What ethical principles and considerations should guide our decision-making in the development and use of biotechnological innovations?

Discuss the problem of induction in the philosophy of science. How do philosophers like David Hume and Karl Popper challenge the rationality of inductive reasoning and the justification of scientific knowledge? What alternative approaches, such as Bayesian inference and falsificationism, have been proposed to address the problem of induction?

Critically evaluate the concept of “alienation” in Karl Marx’s theory of capitalism. How does Marx use the notion of alienation to analyze the social and economic conditions of modern industrial society? What solutions does he propose for overcoming alienation and achieving human emancipation?

Investigate the concept of “the will to power” in Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy. How does Nietzsche understand power as a fundamental driving force in human behavior and cultural evolution? What implications does his critique of traditional morality and valuation of power have for ethics, politics, and existentialism?