A 59-year-old man with chronic renal failure was in the hospital recovering from a heart attack. He had just undergone “balloon angioplasty” to redilate a coronary artery, and was on an “npo” diet (i.e. he was not allowed to have food or drink by mouth). He received fluid through an intravenous (IV) line.

Late one night, an exhausted nurse on the last hour of a 12-hour shift came into the patient’s room to replace the man’s empty IV bag with a new one. He misread the physician’s orders and hooked up a fresh bag of IV fluid that was “twice-normal” saline rather than “half-normal” saline (i.e. the patient began receiving a fluid that was four times saltier than it should have been).

This mistake went unnoticed until the next morning, when the patient had marked pitting edema around the sacral region and inspiratory rales (“wet-sounding crackles”) at the bases of the lungs on each side.

He also complained of difficulty breathing, and appeared to be confused. Blood was drawn, revealing the following: –Na+levels:$$159\mathrm{mEq}/$$liter (normal: 136-145 mEq/liter) –K+levels:$$7.2\mathrm{mEq}/\mathrm{liter}$$(normal: 3.5-5.0 mEq/liter) –Cl−levels:$$101\mathrm{mEq}/$$liter (normal: 96-106 mEq/liter) A chest$$X$$-ray revealed interstitial edema in the lungs. QUESTIONS You may refer to the textbook and other sources, but your answers must be IN YOUR OWN WORDS. PLAIGIARISM = ZERO POINTS. 1.

Most dissolved substances in the blood plasma can easily move out of the bloodstream and into the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells. Will the nurse’s mistake increase or decrease the “saltiness” of the interstitial fluid? Explain your answer. ( 9 pts) 2.

Given your knowledge of osmosis, will this cause the cells in the body to increase or decrease in size? Explain your answer thoroughly. (10 pts) 3. What symptoms might result from hypernatremia (“high blood-sodium” level)? Do these symptoms match those of this patient? ($$6\mathrm{pts})$$

The Assignment 1. Describe the two basic functions of the plasma membrane. 2. What specific molecule is typically most abundant on each side of a plasma membrane? Explain how this influences basic membrane structure. (Note: explain means to give physiological reasons why).

3. Draw and label a section of the plasma membrane of a human cell. Your drawing should include: A phospholipid bilayer: – Each phospholipid should include at least one unsaturated, fatty acid tail. – Your plasma membrane should be at least 15-20 phospholipids in length. – Label the outside surface and the inside surface of your bilayer.

(You can write “out” on one side and “in” on the other side.) – Label a phospholipid. – tabel the hydrophilic (polar) head of a phospholipid. – Label the hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails of a phospholipid. – Make one of the phospholipids a glycolipid and Iabel it, “glycolipid.” (Make sure the glycolipid is on the correct surface of the bilayer.) Cholesterol – Draw and label two or more cholesterol molecules within the phospholipid bilayer.

Proteins and glycoproteins – Draw and label membrane proteins, including: – An integral protein that spans the membrane. – Label the polar regions of the integral protein. – Label the nonpolar region of the integral protein. – A peripheral protein. (Make sure it is on the correct surface of the bilayer.) – A glycoprotein.

(Make sure the carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotein extends from the correct surface of the membrane.) – Use a bracket and labelling lines to indicate the following regions of the plasma membrane: – polar – nonpolar Describe one or more functions of the integral proteins. Describe a function of the glycolipids and glycoproteins.

A ten-year-old boy is brought to his primary care physician. His parents report he has a decreased ability to pay attention and recently he is suffering from underperformance in school.The primary care physician provides the boy’s parents with a diagnosis of lead poisoning. They have recently moved into a house that was built prior to 1965.

1.Describe the mechanism by which cellular damage occurs in lead poisoning. Be sure to discuss the major body systems that can be injured by lead poisoning and the manner in which this injury occurs. Support your answer with data, facts, key terminology, specific examples, and other examples.

What anatomical features do spongy and compact bone tissue have in common? Select all the correct answers. A central canal with blood vessels and a nerve Hydroxyapitite minerals Lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae Collagen fibers Osteoblasts and osteoclasts at the edges of trabeculae Space between bone tissue filled with marrow Chondrocytes in lacunae surrounded by a thick extracellular matrix

 What are the required resources needed for the strategic plan of the topic of how to avoid obese children from being more likely to remain obese as adults and to develop diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease at an early age if the topic were to be implemented? what resources would be needed if the change proposal were to be implemented. What are at least four resources you will need in order to implement the change proposal?