Diabetes is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. In one longitudinal study researchers investigated the association between diabetes and atrial fibrillation, stratified by sex. These data are given in the table below.”

Table: Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) by diabetes status, stratified by sex Cases of AF Person years of followup  per 1,000

1. “Use the data in the table to assess the association between diabetes and atrial fibrillation, and then stratified by sex. (meaning the association in males and the association in female”
2. “After using the statistical software, the authors found that the sex-adjusted relative risk (rate-ratio in this case) they found adjusted RR of 1.51. Is sex best characterised as a confounder or an effect modifier of the relationship between diabetes and atrial fibrillation? Explain.”
3. “What is the Attributable risk fraction of diabetes among Males and how would you interpret the finding [4 marks]
4. “What is the population attributable fraction of diabetes on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation that is potentially preventable, assuming a causal association between diabetes and Atrial Fibrilation.”   explain in words your findings 

Chapter seven discusses infant and child health, and includes information on the disparities in infant mortality rates between different groups.  The objective of this assignment is for you to compare infant mortality rates between two counties (67 counties in Florida) found in Florida.

There are quite a few sources for the information.

Are the rates close between the two groups?  Remember that infant mortality is measured by the number of deaths per 1000 births.  Many counties in the state do not have that many births (25 counties have a population of less than 50,000 and only five counties have a population of over 1 million).  The number of births may be so small that the rate can be largely influenced by one death.  For example, if there were 100 births in a small county during one year, and one infant did not make it to the first birthday, the rate would be 10 compared to a larger county with 1000 births, and seven infants did not make it to the first birthday would be 7.

Identify a disparity found in the available statistics.  What factors influence the rate or disparity found?  Use your critical thinking skills.  Is the information found consistent with the info in the text?

Your company is starting a project that will utilize outside contractors and subcontractors. It is your job to oversee the safety of the entire project. The contractors will be performing work that may or may not be familiar to you and to your normal work environment.

Based on your background reading and additional research, develop a plan to get participation and buy-in from all contractors by forming a safety team.

Address the following items:

Who would you choose to be on the safety team, and why? Briefly compare and contrast contract workers, temporary workers, and full-time workers and why buy-in is important for everyone on the job site.

Discuss challenges unique to contract and temporary workers.

Discuss supervisor involvement and the role safety professionals play in managing contractors, and involving contractor personnel in inspections and observations.

Explain hazard identification and awareness.

Identify multicultural / multi-trade difference challenges.

Discuss accident prevention responsibilities, including ethical challenges in managing contractors

The hospital Happy Child’s Emergency Room (ER) in the community of Sunny land recorded 120 asthma cases during 2005 out of a total of 1450 individual children seen.

The state Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) program was interested in determining if these numbers meant an increased risk of a child developing asthma in Sunny land or a possible decrease in the effectiveness of the medication taken by asthmatic children in this community. In 2005 they asked the hospital to track the number of first-time asthma diagnoses admitted to the ER versus those asthma cases who visited the ER but had been previously diagnosed as having asthma.

In 2006 out of 1370 children seen in the ER, there were 130 asthma cases: 42 were new cases, 88 had been previously diagnosed prior to the ER visit.

1. What was the risk of having asthma in 2005 for children in Sunny land seeking ER care at hospital Happy Child?

2. What was the prevalence of childhood asthma in 2005 in the ER at hospital Happy Child in Sunny land?

3. What was the prevalence of childhood asthma in 2006 in the ER at hospital Happy Child in Sunny land?

4. Can the state CSHCN program answer its question?

5. Does knowing the incidence of childhood asthma diagnoses in the ER at this hospital in Sunny land in 2006 help? What is the incidence?