Sample solution containing lipids.

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Sample solution containing lipids. Started my lab but don’t understand what would be the proper way for the conclusion as many of my hypotheses were wrong. As well how to properly answer the questions

Part 2: Testing for Lipids

Background Information:

Lipids are a class of molecules that are not soluble (do not dissolve) in water. They are composed of molecular building blocks of glycerol and three fatty acids. Fatty acids come in two major types, saturated and unsaturated. This difference is due to the presence of particular types of bonds within the fatty acid molecule and affects the shape and characteristics of the overall lipid-containing these fatty acids. Today we will be performing the Paper Test to identify the presence of lipids. The paper turns translucent (gets a grease spot) in presence of lipids.

Question: Which sample solution will contain lipids?

Hypothesis: Hypothesize what will be which solution will have lipids present in the sample (no lipids, some lipids, etc), if any, for each solution. Record your prediction in Table 2 below.

Materials:

  • Distilled water
  • Vegetable oil
  • Hand cream diluted in water
  • Shampoo diluted in water
  • Brown paper bag
  • 4 Disposable pipets
  • Timer
  • Paper and Pencil

Procedure:

  1. Draw four circles in a brown paper bag and label them: Water, Oil, Cream, and Shampoo.
  2. Put two drops of each corresponding substance on a brown paper bag.
  3. Put the bag off to the side and let it sit for 15 minutes.
  4. Record the appearance of the bag where you placed the spots in Table 2.

Results: (Watch the Lab 4. Chemical Composition of Cells video)

Table 2: Results for Testing for Lipids

SampleHypothesisAppearance After DryingConclusion
WaterNo lipidsSome lipids
OilSome lipidsA lot of lipids
CreamSome lipidsNo lipids
ShampooSome lipidsNo lipids

 

Conclusion:

  1. What are the monomers for lipids?

 

  1. Which type of lipids should we try to avoid eating: saturated or unsaturated? Explain.

 

  1. Which samples were your positive and negative controls?

 

  1. What happens when you mix oil and water? How does this relate to the phospholipid bilayer?

Controversy and controversial Science.

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Controversy and controversial Science. Based on what you have read so far, please describe the difference between a “scientific controversy” and “controversial science”?  Choose an example and describe where the controversy comes in and where the science comes in.  For example, does most of the uproar come from inside or outside the scientific community?  Are scientists generally in agreement about the general underlying knowledge or behavior of the people involved in generating that knowledge?  How does all of this relate to the social side of science, or to the relationship between science and society?

Adaptations of seeds to lands.

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Adaptations of seeds to lands. What were the adaptations of the seed that provided advantages to plants that invaded the land?

Hypothesis about finding fossils.

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Hypothesis about finding fossils. Describe a line of evidence that, if true, would disprove (or provide evidence against) evolution.

Fossil Rabbit in the pre-Cambrian! (JBS Haldane, explaining what evidence would indicate evolution, date unknown. )

DO NOT rephrase Haldane’s above hypothesis about finding fossils in the wrong time.

 

 

Comparing starch and cellulose.

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Which one of the following statements is true when comparing starch and cellulose?

Starch is made of amino acids and cellulose is made of glucose monomers.

Starch is made from a different enantiomeric form of glucose than cellulose.

Starch is a disaccharide whereas cellulose is a polysaccharide.

Animals make starch whereas plants make cellulose.

Genes and chromosome in genetics.

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Genes and chromosome in genetics. In Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton’s experiment with corn, there is eight possible progeny. What

is special about the corn with the colorless waxy (c/wx) phenotype? How else was the experiment confirmed
(Hint: how did they visually confirm the results)?
12. Genes A, B, and C are on a chromosome as shown below. Is this a physical or linkage map? Would you expect the distance between A and C to be more, less, or equal to the sum of the distance between each of
the outside markers and the middle gene (A-B + B-C)? Why?

13. Genes A, B, and C are on a chromosome as shown below. Is this a physical or linkage map? Would you
expect the percentage of recombination between A and C to be more, less, or equal to the sum of the recombination frequencies between each of the outside markers and the middle gene (AxB + BxC)? Why?

14. Why is crossing over between two genes on the same chromosome from 0% to 50%, and not higher?
15. Why is the linkage between two genes on the same chromosome from 50% to 100%, and not lower?
16. How many markers are necessary to map new genes to an exact location on the chromosomes described below using linkage?
a. 50 million base pair human chromosome b. 100 million base pair human chromosome
c. 150 million base pair human chromosome d. 200 million base pair human chromosome
e. 50 million base pair Drosophila chromosome
 

 

17. The examples below provide recombination frequency from two-factor crosses. Answer the following: a. For genes ABC, what is the gene order if AB = 30%, AC = 20%, and BC = 38%?
b. For genes XYZ (in order), XY = 25%, and YZ = 35%. Using the equation, what is the recombination frequency for the outside markers, XZ? Why is it not 60%?
c. For genes RST, what are the two possible gene orders if RS = 20%, and ST = 10%? What do you need to know to determine which is correct?
18. Two Drosophila with genotypes AABBCC and aabbcc are crossed to produce a heterozygous offspring,
AaBbCc (the gene order is unknown). This AaBbCc Drosophila is crossed with an aabbcc Drosophila, resulting in the offspring below:
Number: Phenotype:
600 ABC and abc 200 AbC and aBc
150 ABc and abC 50 Abc and aBC
a. Which phenotypes represent the single crossovers?
b. Which phenotypes represent the double crossovers? c. What is the gene order?
d. What does phenotype AbC represent? e. What does phenotype ABc represent?
19. Why were the organisms of classical genetics insufficient for deeper analysis, and what replaced them?

 

Water contribution to hydrophobic effect. 

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 With regards to entropy, how does water contribute to the hydrophobic effect?

37. Where would you find hydrophobic amino acids on globular protein? Transmembrane protein? Why?
38. What is required for molecular surfaces/interfaces to interact with one another for a sufficient amount of time (such as an antibody/antigen)?
39. Why are weak bonds important to macromolecular structure and enzyme function?
40. Peptide bond synthesis between two amino acids produces a water. If proteins are surrounded by water,
how can this reaction even proceed without violating the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? Why don’t proteins break down instantly upon synthesis?
41. Why are O-H or O-P (weak bonds) a better source of energy than H2O (strong bonds)?
42. What is the difference between G, G0, and G0′? Which is preferred by biochemists?
43. How can a reaction with a positive G0′ (like malate → oxaloacetate) go forward in the cell?

Molarity of Sodium chloride.

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Molarity of Sodium chloride. attachment1.png

Determining dominant/recessive gene,

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Determining dominant/recessive gene,128000856-2930467.jpeg

The process of transcription.

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In your own words, describe what happens during the process of a) Transcription and b) Translation. In your answer make sure to include (for both processes):

 

a) What is the overall process? (2 marks)

Overall, the process of transcription involves…; The process of translation involves…

 

b) What is the purpose of the process? (2 marks)

Transcription happens because…; Translation happens because…

 

c) Detailed step-by-step description of what takes place during each process (including names and roles of all important organelles, structures, etc. involved) (10 marks)

The first step of transcription is…(continue to next steps); The first step of translation is…(continue to next steps).

 

Suggestion: Write your answer as if your instructor does not know anything about both processes. Include as many details as possible.

 

Plagiarism Warning: Your answers are being tracked for plagiarism, which is the copying of information from elsewhere to be presented as your own. Plagiarism is an academic offense and detection of plagiarism in your answer will result in an automatic zero. DO NOT copy information from anywhere – answer the question IN YOUR OWN WORDS.