Discuss the etiological factors contributing to AKI

Analyze the anatomical and physiological basis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its clinical manifestations, including alterations in glomerular filtration rate, tubular function, and electrolyte balance. Discuss the etiological factors contributing to AKI, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, nephrotoxic medications, and sepsis, and elucidate the mechanisms of renal injury involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Furthermore, explore the diagnostic criteria, prognostic markers, and therapeutic interventions for managing AKI and preventing its progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD).